Application Of Biofloc Technology Research Articles

Application of biofloc technology in the larval rearing of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The aim of this study was to investigate the different strategies of biofloc addition to zebrafish (Danio rerio) larviculture, and evaluate their growth and biochemical parameters. Three treatments were used: addition of 200 mL biofloc once at the start of the assay (O1), addition of 100 mL biofloc every seven days (1W), and addition of 100 mL biofloc every four days (2W). The 1W and 2W treatments also received 200 mL biofloc at the start of the assay. Regarding water quality, the only difference was the total suspended solid concentration, because the 2W treatment had a higher concentration in the final assay (127.6 ± 24.3 mg L-1). The final weight, survival rate, and juvenile percentile did not show statistical differences among the treatments. However, the O1 treatment exhibited a higher total length (11.93 ± 0.45 mm) than those in the 2W treatment. The juveniles in the 2W treatment exhibited lower nonprotein thiols and higher TBARS concentrations than those in the other treatments. Thus, the biofloc system can be a viable alternative to zebrafish larviculture without the use of conventional live food, and the addition of biofloc once (O1) at the beginning of larval rearing achieves good growth and survival results.

Analysis of biological factors on affecting the growth performance and water quality of biofloc aquaculture system for freshwater barramundi

Biofloc technology is used to improve water quality and fish growth performance of aquaculture. The purpose of this research is to analyse the biological factors on freshwater barramundi in biofloc aquaculture system. Three set of experiments with 3 biological factors were carried out for freshwater barramundi to analyse the water quality and to evaluate the cultivated fish growth performance under the application of biofloc technology for 10 weeks. The biological factors involved are stocking density, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and feeding rate. The water quality parameters were monitored weekly while the growth indices will be determined at the end of the experiments. The results revealed that stocking density has insignificant effect on the water quality but essential affected the growth rate of the freshwater barramundi. The best growth rate is observed at lowest stocking studied (10 fish/m3). The biofloc technology aquaculture system with C:N ratio of 16:1 and lowest stocking density (10 fish/m3) produced the best water quality and growth performance. Meanwhile the compatible feeding rate for the juvenile freshwater barramundi was identified at rate of 1% of fish body weight with feeding frequency once or twice a day in order to control the water quality and produced good growth performance of the juvenile.

Application of Biofloc Technology in Rearing of Two IMC Fish Species Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita and Estimation of Length – Weight Relationship under the Same Feeding Regime

Biofloc technology (BFT) is an innovative technology which is based upon zero or minimal water exchange where heterotrophic bacteria which consume organic carbon are grown on unconsumed feed, fish excreta and inorganic nitrogenous products resulting in the removal of these unwanted components from the water. The present study demonstrates the effective application of Biofloc technology to culture Indian Major Carps (mainly C. mrigala and L. rohita) in semi-indoor conditions with less water requirements. After conducting the study for a period of 6 months, relationship between length-weight was derived in both the fishes. The value of ‘b’ showed an increase with 2.8701 (in C. mrigala) and 2.7567 (in L. rohita) after the study period. The value of Kn lied within the range of 0.9545-1.0511 (in C. mrigala) and 0.925-1.01 (in L. rohita). Coefficient of determination (R2) and correlation coefficient (r) were prominent with R2=0.9071 (r=0.952) and R2=0.9517 (r=0.975) in C. mrigala and L. rohita respectively. The findings of the current study demonstrates that IMC can be reared effectively using this technique rather than going for large scale culture where cost of feed and space limitation is a major problem.

Implementation of Tilapia Biofloc Technology in the Bulian Sari Group as an Effort to Reduce Lake Pollution in Pancasari Village, Buleleng, Bali

Cultivating tilapia in round ponds with the biofloc system which has the advantage that tarpaulin ponds are easy to make, and the pond temperature is more stable than cement ponds. The methods that will be carried out in the implementation of this training are interviews, face-to-face, counseling and direct practice. The advantage of tarpaulin pools is that they are efficient in using water because we only need to fill in water at the beginning and the addition of water is also adjusted according to conditions.  The application of Biofloc technology in Pancasari Village can increase tilapia production. The biofloc system can also increase the Survival Rate (SR) of fish and reduce the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR).

Enhancing brackish water tilapia seed production with biofloc technology

Aim of this study was to observe the effect of biofloc technology application to enhance brackish water tilapia production. This research was conducted by using two different stocking densities at 3000 seeds.m-3 (D-3000) and 6000 seeds.m-3 (D-6000). It was performed on concrete tanks of 5.5 x 1.8 x 0.8 m in dimension (active volume 5 m3) located under semi-indoor building. Biofloc formation were stimulated by adding molasses as carbon source by adjusting C:N ratio to around 10:1. The water salinity increased gradually after 8th day and reached up to 15 ppt during harvest. The result showed that brackish water tilapia seed survival rate of D-3000 and D-6000 was in range 77-79 %, biomass were 0.60 - 0.85 kg.m−3, and seed uniformity was 77-82%. Biofloc or floc volume of D-3000 was higher than D-6000 at 10 ml.l−1 and 3 ml.l−1 respectively. At the beginning, microalgae population was dominated by Bacillariophyceae while Chlorophyceae dominated at the end of rearing periods, and Rotifer density around 64-191 ind.ml−1. Total bacteria observed was in range of 3x103-14x104 cfu.ml−1. For both treatment nitrite (N-NO2) was 0.000-0.029 ppm, nitrate (N-NO3) was 0.000-0.445 ppm or less than 0.5 ppm, dissolved oxygen (DO) range was in optimal conditions (5.8-6.2 ppm) for tilapia rearing.

Recent developments in aquaculture – A review

Abstract Towards the sustainable aquaculture production, more recent technologies have been developed in the past few years. The application of effectives microbes (EM) in controlling water quality, the application of biofloc technology, aquamimicry, black soldier fly (BSF) as supplemental protein feed, application of triploidy, polyploidy, vaccines, probiotic and prebiotic, Internet of Things (IoT) in monitoring the water quality in the farm operation, monosex culture and neo-female application also being applied in the aquaculture operation. The developments of these recent technologies were towards achieving the sustainable aquaculture production, prevention of the disease outbreak, help in increasing the yield of crops harvested as well as towards the green environmental developments. This review paper emphasizes the most recent technologies developed in aquaculture in the past few years until these days. The developments of the new technology in aquaculture also in order to support the sustainable development goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nation focused on SDG1 (no poverty) and SDG2 (zero hunger) from the increase of aquaculture production achieved through the recent developed technology. Ultimately, this review paper can generate new knowledge and information to the aquaculturist and aquafarmers on the new technologies and developments in aquaculture which could help benefit in the cultures operation and increase production in the near future.

Integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) as an environmentally friendly system for sustainable aquaculture: functionality, species, and application of biofloc technology (BFT).

Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, and its prominent role has been proven in supplying food for the growing world population. The expected growth of aquaculture requires the development of responsible and sustainable approaches, technologies, culture systems, and practices. The integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) system has been developed over the past decades. This system is based on the use of all food levels for simultaneous production of some aquaculturally species in a way that contributes to environmental sustainability (biocontrol), economic stability (product diversity and risk reduction), and social acceptance (better management operations). In IMTA, selecting suitable culture species and considering their appropriate population size is absolutely necessary to achieve an optimal biological and chemical process, improving the ecosystem health and sustainability of the industry. Biofloc technology (BFT) is closely related to the IMTA system, where the IMTA potential can be used to control suspended solids in aquaculture systems with limited water exchange. This study reviews the significance of IMTA systems, potential target species for cultivation, the relationship between BFT and IMTA, total suspended solids control, the economics of IMTA farming, and the recent findings in these fields.

Effect of Input C/N Ratio on Bacterial Community of Water Biofloc and Shrimp Gut in a Commercial Zero-Exchange System with Intensive Production of Penaeus vannamei.

Although increasing attention has been attracted to the study and application of biofloc technology (BFT) in aquaculture, few details have been reported about the bacterial community of biofloc and its manipulation strategy for commercial shrimp production. An 8-week trial was conducted to investigate the effects of three input C/N ratios (8:1, 12:1 and 16:1) on the bacterial community of water biofloc and shrimp gut in a commercial BFT tank system with intensive aquaculture of P. vannamei. Each C/N ratio group had three randomly assigned replicate tanks (culture water volume of 30 m3), and each tank was stocked with juvenile shrimp at a density of 300 shrimp m−3. The tank systems were operated with zero-water exchange, pH maintenance and biofloc control. During the trial, the microbial biomass and bacterial density of water biofloc showed similar variation trends, with no significant difference under respective biofloc control measures for the three C/N ratio groups. Significant changes were found in the alpha diversity, composition and relative abundance of bacterial communities across the stages of the trial, and they showed differences in water biofloc and shrimp gut among the three C/N ratio groups. Meanwhile, high similarity could be found in the composition of the bacterial community between water biofloc and shrimp gut. Additionally, nitrogen dynamics in culture water showed some differences while shrimp performance showed no significant difference among the three C/N ratio groups. Together, these results confirm that the manipulation of input C/N ratio could affect the bacterial community of both water biofloc and shrimp gut in the environment of a commercial BFT system with intensive production of P. vannamei. Moreover, there should be different operations for the nitrogen dynamics and biofloc management during shrimp production process under different C/N ratios.

Application of biofloc technology in recirculation Artemia culture system

Application of biofloc technology in recirculation Artemia culture system

Application of Biofloc Technology for the culture of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) in Bangladesh: stocking density, floc volume, growth performance, and profitability

Application of Biofloc Technology for the culture of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) in Bangladesh: stocking density, floc volume, growth performance, and profitability

MANAJEMEN KUALITAS MEDIA AIR BUDIDAYA IKAN LELE DENGAN METODE BIOFLOK PADA KOLAM TERPAL

Intensive catfish farming can cause a decrease in the water quality of the culture media, including decreasing dissolved oxygen content and increasing waste content, especially organic nitrogen. The application of Biofloc technology was carried out by the Young Independent Fish Cultivator Group (Pokdakan) with the aim of managing catfish farming activities in Lam Ara Village, Banda Raya District, Banda Aceh City using Biofloc on cultivation media. The purpose of this study was to compare the growth of catfish reared using Biofloc and non-Biofloc culture media. The test animals used in this study were catfish with Sangkuriang variety (Clarias gariepinus) measuring 7-8 cm as many as 2,000 fish in 8 different containers. Observations were made on the day of stocking until harvesting. The growth parameters observed were the length and weight of the fish. The environmental parameters observed were water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH. The results showed that there were differences in the increase in length and body weight of catfish in the cultivation media of Biofloc and non-Biofloc applications. The results of this study indicate that the application of the biofloc method can increase the productivity of tarpaulin ponds. The rearing media that applied the Biofloc technique showed better and relatively ideal conditions for catfish cultivation.

Development methods in aquaponics systems using biofloc to improve water quality (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate) and growth of tilapia and samhong mustard

ABSTRACT Development methods of the Flood & Drain (F&D) Aquaponics Systems, an integration of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Samhong Mustard (Brassica juncea L) using Biofloc Technology (BFT) have been carried out. The objective of this study is to develop an aquaponic method by applying biofloc technology to obtain optimum water quality (ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate). This system consists of Fish Tank (FT), Mechanical Filter Tank (MFT), Biofilter Tank (BT), and Hydroponic Subsystem (HS), also supported by water recirculation and aeration. Water sampling is carried out in FT, BT, and HS. Based on research conducted, ammonia (0.3013–5.9625)mg/L, nitrite (0.1438–0.3774)mg/L, and nitrate (1.0764–9.33923)mg/L. Even though there are parameters (ammonia and nitrite) that have exceeded the threshold, but nitrifying bacteria can grow well, as well as Biolacto sp. is able to increase high fish survival (95%), and accelerate rapid fish growth (length growth rate was 2.9254%, and weight growth rate was 5.1426%) and Samhong Mustard growth (plant height and the number of leaves). In plants, no yellowing plants are found because of an adequate supply of nutrients. Therefore, the application of BFT in aquaponics is feasible for improving water quality, and further research is needed to improve this technology.

Digestive system and growth performance of African catfish larvae Clarias gariepinus, (Burchell, 1822) maintained with biofloc technology with the addition of Chlorella sp.

The production of catfish in aquaculture is still limited by the low supply of good quality seeds. One solution that can be done to overcome this problem is by the application of biofloc technology with microalgae addition. This study aims to evaluate the performance of digestive system, growth and robustness of the African catfish larvae maintained with biofloc technology and the addition of Chlorella sp. This research applied a completely randomized experimental design consisted of three treatments and triplicates, i.e larvae maintained with regular water exchange as the control (K), larvae maintained biofloc system (BF) and larvae reared with biofloc treatment and Chlorella sp. addition (BFC) with a rearing period of 15 days. Length growth, specific growth rate, condition factor, the activity of protease, amylase and lipase were not significantly different between treatments (P>0.05). The villi length in fish maintained in BF treatmen (136μm), was higher than those of BFC (121μm) and K treatments (105μm). The particle size of floc in BF and BFC were 0.44±0.025 and BFC 0.79±0.048 mm, respectively. The survival of catfish larvae in the BFC treatment was (51 ± 0,32)b, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of K (45±0.52)a and BF (45±0.15)a. The results of stress test using 15 g L-1 water salinity demonstrated that the fish maintained in BFC has a higher survival (63%) than those of BF (47%) and K (43%). Overall results of the present study showed that the addition of Chlorella sp. could improve the growth performance and robustness of African catfish larvae against salinity stress.

Environmental detoxification of heavy metals in flood & drain aquaponic system based on biofloc technology

ABSTRACT Study of environmental detoxification of heavy metals in flood & drain aquaponic system based on biofloc technology (BFT) has been carried out. In this system used Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Samhong Mustard (Brassica juncea L). This system consists of fish pond tank (FPT), mechanical filter tank (MFT), biological filter tank (BFT), storage tank (ST), and hydroponic plant circuits (HPC), and supported by a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) and aeration to supply oxygen. Based on research conducted, obtained Cu (0.0036–0.02260) mg/L, Fe (0.5269–1.1013) mg/L, and Zn (0.0215–0.2581) mg/L. Although only Cu concentrations do not exceed the quality standard, the growth of Tilapia and Samhong Mustard is fast, as well as high fish survival (> 95%). The high concentration of Fe and Zn, presumably because it comes from fish food. Research on the application of biofloc technology in aquaponics systems on heavy metals has not been widely carried out, so the beginning of this research needs to be followed up with a more detailed study.

Use of biofloc technology in shrimp aquaculture: a comprehensive review, with emphasis on the last decade

AbstractIn face of the shortage of, and competition with, land and water, the sustainability of aquaculture will have to depend on vertical development, through improving production environments, increasing productivity and enhancing aquaculture technologies. Biofloc technology (BFT) has emerged as new alternative for sustainable aquaculture, which could contribute to FAO Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to food security. Extensive research has been carried out on the development and application of BFT in aquaculture since early 1990s, with emphasis on shrimp culture. Over 40% of BFT publications in aquaculture were directed to shrimp farming. Therefore, I strongly believe that the accumulated knowledge on the applications of BFT in shrimp farming and the experience gained, especially during the last 10 years (2010–2020), are now more than worthy of critical review and analysis. This review summarizes the most update knowledge on the use of BFT in different marine shrimp and freshwater prawn aquaculture. Emphasis has been on factors affecting shrimp production in BFT systems, integration of biofloc‐based shrimp farming with other aquatic farmed species, nutritional value of bioflocs as a natural food or feed ingredient for farmed shrimp and prawn, the application of BFT in different rearing phases, the use of biofloc as a natural probiotics and their effects on shrimp health and physiological functions, economic considerations and commercial applications of BFT‐based shrimp aquaculture, and the major challenges facing shrimp farming in biofloc systems.

THE EFFECTS OF ADDING DIFFERENT CARBON ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATE OF TILAPIA FRY (Oreochromis niloticus)


 The utilization of appropriate carbon sources will have a good impact on the application of biofloc technology in aquaculture. This study aims to determine the effect on adding the different carbon sources for growth and survival rate of tilapia fries (Oreochromis niloticus). The fries were kept by the densities 30 fries/tank. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were the addition of different carbon sources on the media biofloc : A (tapioca), B (molasses), C (wheat flour), and K (control). The results showed that the absolute rate of weight and length were found on the treatment of molasses (B) was 5.84 grams, 3.5 cm, and significantly different from the other treatments (P <0.05). While the highest survival rate is 83.33% at molasses (B). The mean temperature at 28.1 to 30.00 oC, the DO from 5.00 to 7.60 mg / L, and pH 5.00-7.20.

Production performance, inorganic nitrogen control and bacterial community characteristics in a controlled biofloc-based system for indoor and outdoor super-intensive culture of Litopenaeus vannamei

The aim of this study was to develop a commercial-scale biofloc-based tank system for shrimp culture in an efficient and environmental-friendly way. Eight independent and identical tanks (6 m/length × 6 m/width × 1 m/height, water volume of 30 m3) were randomly selected and prepared for the trial: four were from indoor and other four from outdoor. A complete production trial for super-intensive culture of L. vannamei was conducted under both indoor and outdoor environmental conditions simultaneously. In the trial, ten-day-old post-larvae of L. vannamei were stocked at a density of 580 ind m−3 and cultured for 13 weeks, obtaining survival rates of 82.7% and 81.3%, yields of 6.75 and 7.36 kg m−3, and FCRs of 1.32 and 1.25 under indoor and outdoor culture conditions, respectively. For producing one kg of shrimp, the usages of water, molasses and sodium carbonate were 210 L, 0.23 L and 0.27 kg under indoor condition and 217 L, 0.15 L and 0.19 kg under outdoor condition, respectively. Throughout the trial, the concentrations of both TAN and NO2−-N first increased and then decreased during the early to middle phases and then maintained below 1.0 mg L−1 until the end under both indoor and outdoor conditions. After mature bioflocs established in the culture water, diverse bacterial communities were detected from sampled bioflocs, with Shannon index significantly higher in outdoor than in indoor condition. Top eleven abundant phyla and top nine abundant genera of bacteria with relative abundance over 1% were all shared by both culture conditions, although most of them had significant differences in relative abundance between the two conditions. Notably, communities of nitrifying bacteria were detected in the bioflocs but with very low relative abundances under both culture conditions. Taken together, these results demonstrate the efficiency of a commercial-scale biofloc-based system for super-intensive culture of L. vannamei under limited water exchange. Moreover, the data suggest that the outdoor environmental conditions were more favorable in terms of production performance and inorganic nitrogen control of the system. Improved application of biofloc technology was also discussed and proposed for inorganic nitrogen control in intensive shrimp culture.

Application of biofloc technology for Indian major carp culture (polyculture) along with water quality management

In this study, the efficacy of biofloc system was assessed for culturing Indian major carps, e.g., rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), and mrigal (Cirrihinus mrigala) at varied stocking densities (STD) from 4.28, 8.57, and 12.85 fish m−3 of tank volume. Biofloc system could efficiently remove inorganic nitrogen from culture water and substantially improved the growth parameters of fishes as compared to the control system without the application of biofloc. Among different STDs in biofloc system, water quality and floc formation were noted to be higher with a STD of 4.28 fish m−3 and the average concentration of NH4 – N, NO2 – N and NO3 – N of 0.61 mg L−1, 0.35 mg L−1 and 1.8 mg L−1, respectively was recorded lowest as compared to the other STD. As a result, catla and rohu could achieve a specific growth rate of 1.1 % day−1 and 0.98 % day−1, respectively. However, in the other two STDs, the respective concentrations were noted in the range of acceptable water quality, and the growth rates were satisfactory. It can be concluded that the biofloc system is efficient to culture IMC in polyculture mode amd therefore, can be directly applied in scaled-up culture modules.

Production of Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei through implementation of rapid biofloc technology

A green technology known as rapid biofloc was implemented to reduce environmental damage while improving production of Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei to meet global market demand. Since there was no intensive application of biofloc technology being implemented at an industrial scale, this study aimed to assess the effect of biofloc in order to optimize water quality and maximize overall shrimp production. To speed-up the development of biofloc in L. vannamei cultures, an isolated biofloc boost-up bacteria inoculum was added during a new shrimp post-larvae (PL) stocking program. Samples of water, shrimp and biofloc were collected at ten day intervals from the new stocking of shrimp PL until harvest time (±100 days). Biofloc was observed starting to form as early as 10 days after shrimp the cultivation period began, and biofloc formation was speeded up by the addition of the inoculum. The biofloc effectively enhanced good water quality which resulted in an increase in shrimp biomass. The rapid biofloc formation and aggregation of beneficial microbes in the biofloc were responsible for maintaining good water quality and optimizing shrimp survival and production. Therefore, knowledge on the microbial composition in biofloc is deemed important for the successful design and application of biofloc technology to support a sustainable shrimp aquaculture industry.

Effect of Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio on Water Quality and Community Structure Evolution in Suspended Growth Bioreactors through Biofloc Technology

Application of biofloc technology could effectively treat wastewater. However, the effect of influent carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) on water quality and microbial community structure evolution in suspended growth bioreactors (SGBRs) through biofloc technology is still unclear. Here, we show that the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen in the effluent of the C/N 10 treatment was significantly higher than that in the C/N 15, C/N 20 and C/N 25 treatments (p < 0.05). Higher TAN removal efficiency was obtained in treatments of C/N 15, C/N 20 and C/N 25, and there was no accumulation of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Increasing the C/N ratio strengthened the elimination ability of total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The concentrations of TAN and COD first dropped to the lowest level and then increased slightly within one cycle in all treatments. The accumulation of biomass in the reactors increased with the increasing C/N ratio, indicating that a higher C/N ratio was conducive to microbial proliferation. The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the microbial community diversity in SGBRs was significantly higher than that in the natural wastewater (P0). The predominant phylum were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia, but Saccharibacteria occupied a dominant position in the late period of the experiment. Pathogens, such as Aeromonas, Acidovorax, Flavobacterium, and Malikia were significantly decreased after high C/N ratio simulative wastewater treating natural wastewater in the reactors. In summary, the water quality and biomass concentrations in SGBRs can be improved under the conditions of influent C/N ratio, equal to or greater than 15.